The Earth doesn't care how we move things around in our spreadsheets.
Rhaedas
They don't mutate for any purpose, that's just what happens over time. What direction it goes can vary with how the mutation affects survival. On average not killing a host works out better, but that doesn't imply that's a preferred path nor exclude a mutation that gets worse for the hosts as well as the disease.
I remember when there was just one. I wrongly dismissed the cartoon as not real Star Trek for a very long time, I never realized how good they really were.
That's about the speed you can read text...it's why pre-internet sites like BBSes weren't all flashy, you had to keep it loadable. Actual downloads you would plan overnight and hope you didn't lose connection. The first big breakthrough was resumable downloading where you left off. Huge.
I think the sleeper is "talk to plants". Remember how Aquaman used to be the joke in the Justice League? And I'm not well versed in comics, but Poison Ivy comes to mind as being pretty powerful.
True of many things we take for granted now. It would be a different world entirely. Another non-computer example would be the 3-point seat belt that Volvo left as an open patent, saving countless lives over the past decades.
Or a different "feel" when turned on vs. off (more resistance or something). They spent effort printing all that text to show where the switch was when a universal 0/1 would have made it clear.
I can't think of any example of a button or switch that by itself can be clear if it is engaged or not. A button could be assumed to be on if in, but that isn't always the case, like for example with emergency stops.
Uprising - Muse
Yes, it's absolutely because of the audience of the time, and possibly the writer(s). Maybe they snuck the ending shot in before anyone could realize and it was either spend more money and time to redo or just go with it. That's exactly how Shatner got the kiss into that other episode, by ruining the rest of the "more accepted" takes.
It's also why the 80s and 90s movies and shows still have references that we can relate to. A true 23rd/24th century script would not do well even if shown now.
Probably why they went with an eye augmentation instead of his normal eyes and proclaim his vision was fixed. Plus imagine after years of being able to see in ranges past human vision and being "fixed" to that narrow normal. That would be like going partially blind.
There is the one TOS alternative Earth episode where it ends with the presumption that the rebellion was sparked by a Sun-worshiping religious movement, and Uhura corrects the others by saying it wasn't the Sun, but the Son of God. But your point is correct that for the most part ST has always been atheist/humanist leaning and that is why that ending felt out of place.
Guess the thrown blade was the one making first contact with the sand dune. Did Ingenuity just not detect the dune ripple because it was expecting a more flat surface? Good data for the next generations of copters that will definitely occur due to its 72 flight success valdating the concept.