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pay off high interest debt
top off your emergency fund so you don’t run into expensive short-on-money situations
take care of deferred maintenance on your car or house that might turn into an expensive repair
If you have an employer sponsored 401k, increase the contribution amount to get 10k more tax free into it before the end of the year and use the $10k cash in hand for expenses.
Open a roth IRA and contribute the maximum amount you can (which may vary based on your income)
VT, VTI, and SPY are good broad-market funds with good historical growth.
I like these points. Preventing a future expense by paying less now is always worth it, if you can afford it.
Being poor is expensive.
It's much more expensive to be poor now than it used to be!
That depends, how far in the future, how big of an expense, how much interest can you earn, and what's inflation looking like?
If it's more than a couple thousand dollars more than a couple years out, you could possibly make useful money with a high interest bearing account provided inflation is expected to be less than about 2/3 of the interest rate of the account.
Time IS money.
This might make sense for people with six+ figures sitting in a savings account, but the average person today doesn't have enough cash to think about earning interest on it. For them, paying off a debt now would be cheaper in the long run. For the most part, at least.
Second vote for VTI.
1-4 are all taken care of. I need to learn more about a roth IRA and what an index fund is. I'm okay with letting $10K sit somewhere for 5-10 years, possibly longer like for retirement.
Don't rule out a Roth if you only want to save for 5-10 years. You're allowed to withdraw the principal (initial 10K) at any time for no penalty/cost, so long as it's recorded properly with the IRS when you withdraw it.
Read up on Roth IRAs - your future self will thank you! You can open an account anywhere you'd like (Vanguard, Fidelity, Charles Schwab, etc). One thing I'll mention though: the annual limit is 7K for 2024 (8K if you're 50+), and you have to have at least that much in income to contribute (i.e., if you only had 5K income for 2024, then that's your limit).
So, for 10K you'll have to invest in 2024 and 2025. You also have until tax day to make contributions for the prior year.
I used to not have any doubts about a Roth, but I've been considering that maybe it's a little too much like giving the government a free loan. Do you know if there's a thorough comparison anywhere between a traditional and Roth IRA that takes into consideration the opportunity cost of paying tax on the contributions?
Compound interest will far outweigh paying taxes now for a Roth. Especially if you also have a 401k, the taxes in retirement will be potentially large based on the growth of the fund over decades. A Roth makes it so you pay nominal taxes now for potential large tax free growth later.
The exception would be if you think your income will decrease in your later working years, in which case a traditional IRA could make more sense. That however is a unique case. Generally it’s better to take advantage of a Roth if you can for tax free gains later.
I understand how having a higher income and tax rate in retirement makes a Roth attractive. However, the comparisons I've seen don't fully account for the opportunity cost of paying the taxes up front in the case of a Roth, since a traditional IRA lowers your taxable income by the amount you contribute. This tax break allows for a greater contribution. In other words, I think a fairer comparison would show a greater initial contribution for a traditional IRA.
Here's a useful comparison.
The biggest question is, do you think your tax percentage will be higher now, or higher in the future? If you think your income might increase later (placing you in a higher tax bracket), or that the government might increase your tax burden later, then it's better to pay taxes now.
That is a helpful comparison, but it assumes the same initial contribution. I think a better comparison would assume a higher initial contribution with a traditional IRA in order to account for the money being paid in taxes with Roth as being a missed opportunity. The money that went to taxes in the case of a Roth could have been additional investment in the the case of a traditional.
But you will pay taxes on the growth of the account later. Whereas a Roth grows tax free.
Ultimately it depends on what you think you will make in retirement. Both traditional and Roth IRAs are tax advantaged accounts, it just depends on when you want to pay the tax. It also depends on what kind of investments you are doing in those accounts. For something like the S&P 500, you can expect it to grow so a Roth is more tax advantaged than a traditional. However, we also aren’t talking about huge investments either l, so do your own research and see what you want to do.
If you qualify for the savers credit you should put $2k into retirement like a an IRA.