Programming Languages

Rivulet is a programming language of flowing strands, written in semigraphic characters. A strand is not pictographic: its flow does not simulate computation. There are four kinds of strands, each with their own symbolism and grammatical rules. Together, they form glyphs, tightly-packed blocks of code whose strands execute together.

Here is a complete Fibonacci program:

   ╵──╮───╮╭─    ╵╵╭────────╮
    ╰─╯╰──╯│       ╰─╶ ╶╮╶╮╶╯
   ╰─────╮ │      ╭─────╯ ╰─────╮
         ╰─╯ ╷    ╰───       ───╯╷

   ╵╵─╮  ╭─╮     ╭──       ╵╵╰─╮  ──╮──╮
      ╰─╮│ ╰─╯ ╵╵╰─╯╶╮       ╴─╯  ╭─╯╭─╯
      ╰─╯╰─ ╰──╯╰────╯       ╭╴ ╵╶╯ ╶╯╶╮
        ╭─╮ ╭╴               │  ╰──────╯
        │ │ │                ╰─╮       ╭─╮
      │ │ ╰─╯                  │     │   │
      ╰─╯            ╷         ╰──── ╰───╯╷

   ╵╵ ╭──  ──╮  ╭─╮         ╵╰─╮
      ╰─╮  ╭─╯╭─╯ │          ╴─╯
       ╶╯╵╶╯  │ ╷╶╯          ╭─╮
     ╭─╮ ╰────╯ │   ╭─╮        │
     │ ╰────╮ ╭─╯ ╭╴│ │      ╭─╯
     ╰────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │      │
     ╭────╯ │ │ ╰─╯ │ ╷      ╰─╷
     ╰────╮ │ ╰─────╯ │
          │ ╰─────────╯╷

We’ve just made Marksafe even more intuitive and concise with shorthand syntax and delimiter escaping!

✅ New Shorthand Syntax – Write cleaner markup with:
👉 [uli]item1;;item2;;item3[/uli] instead of [ul][li]item1[/li][li]item2[/li][li]item3[/li][/ul]
👉 [bq]A blockquote example[/bq] instead of [blockquote]A blockquote example[/blockquote]

✅ Delimiter Escaping – Need to use ;;, ,,, or other special characters inside content or attributes? Just escape them with \:
👉 [a]href=https://example.com,,Click here to see \,,escaped commas[/a]

Marksafe keeps all the flexibility of HTML while staying lightweight and readable—perfect for devs who need powerful, secure, and extensible rich text formatting.

🔗 Check it out here: https://github.com/mksunny1/marksafe
💬 Docs & API: https://github.com/mksunny1/marksafe/blob/main/docs/classes/Marksafe.md
💖 Support & Contribute: https://github.com/sponsors/mksunny1

Try it out and let me know what you think!

Reminds me a bit of prolog with the query system

I finally found a better memory layout to store variables in ArkScript, and I got a 76% performance boost on the binary tree benchmark, and a 21% perf boost on Ackermann(3, 7) Who knew using a contiguous storage buffer could be beneficial? 🤡

I retraced all the performance improvements I applied to ArkScript through the last five years, with updated benchmarks, AND DAMN what a journey.

Target audience: Practitioners interested in programming language design and familiar with representations of errors in at least a few different languages such as error codes, checked/unchecked exceptions, tagged unions, polymorphic variants etc.

Estimated reading time: 60 to 90 mins.

Hello, I made a new programming language called FuncSug. Its purpose is to make GUI programming in the browser easier.

Can you tell me what you think about it?

Neut is a functional programming language with static memory management.

Its key features include:

• Full λ-calculus support
• Predictable automatic memory management
• The absence of annotations to the type system when achieving both of the above

Neut doesn't use GCs or regions. Instead, it takes a type-directed approach to handle resources.

A ~1 month old post about (sort-of) real-world experience from someone whose worked on a language as a hobby for 3 years.

The interesting part starts at https://vine.dev/docs/features/inverse

Discussion: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43144040

After three years I feel like I'm qualified to give some general advice.

It will take much longer than you expect

Arenas, a.k.a. regions, are everywhere in modern language implementations. One form of arenas is both super simple and surprisingly effective for compilers and compiler-like things. Maybe because of its simplicity, I haven’t seen the basic technique in many compiler courses—or anywhere else in a CS curriculum for that matter. This post is an introduction to the idea and its many virtues.

Background: the authors are developing a static analysis library (or perhaps framework) called Codex and publishing papers on it. This post summarizes their most recent paper, which got accepted to OOPSLA 2024. The full paper and an artifact (Docker container) are both linked, and Codex is on GitHub with a demo.

Excerpt:

One of the main challenges when analyzing C programs is the representation of the memory. The paper proposes a type system, inspired by that of C, as the basis for this abstraction. While initial versions of this type system have been proposed in VMCAI'22 and used in RTAS'21, this paper extends it significantly with new features like support for union, parameterized, and existential types. The paper shows how to combine all these features to encode many complex low-level idioms, such as flexible array members or discriminated unions using a memory tag or bit-stealing. This makes it possible to apply Codex to challenging case studies, such as the unmodified Olden benchmark, or parts of OS kernels or the Emacs Lisp runtime.

The language itself: https://crystal-lang.org/. Crystal is heavily inspired by Ruby but with static typing and native compilation (via LLVM). To make up for not being dynamic like Ruby, it has powerful global type inference, meaning you're almost never required to explicitly specify types. The linked "Notes on..." page gives much more details.

Abstract:

A computer program describes not only the basic computations to be performed on input data, but also in which order and under which conditions to perform these computations. To express this sequencing of computations, programming language provide mechanisms called control structures. Since the "goto" jumps of early programming languages, many control structures have been deployed: conditionals, loops, procedures and functions, exceptions, iterators, coroutines, continuations… After an overview of these classic control structures and their historical context, the course develops a more modern approach of control viewed as an object that programs can manipulate, enabling programmers to define their own control structures. Started in the last century by early work on continuations and the associated control operators, this approach was recently renewed through the theory of algebraic effects and its applications to user-defined effects and effect handlers in languages such as OCaml 5.

Background: What are denotational semantics, and what are they useful for?

Also: Operational and Denotational Semantics

Denotational semantics assign meaning to a program (e.g. in untyped lambda calculus) by mapping the program into a self-contained domain model in some meta language (e.g. Scott domains). Traditionally, what is complicated about denotational semantics is not so much the function that defines them; rather it is to find a sound mathematical definition of the semantic domain, and a general methodology of doing so that scales to recursive types and hence general recursion, global mutable state, exceptions and concurrency^1^^2^.

In this post, I discuss a related issue: I argue that traditional Scott/Strachey denotational semantics are partial (in a precise sense), which means that

1. It is impossible to give a faithful, executable encoding of such a semantics in a programming language, and
2. Internal details of the semantic domain inhibit high-level, equational reasonining about programs

After exemplifying the problem, I will discuss total denotational semantics as a viable alternative, and how to define one using guarded recursion.

I do not claim that any of these considerations are novel or indisputable, but I hope that they are helpful to some people who

• know how to read Haskell
• like playing around with operational semantics and definitional interpreters
• wonder how denotational semantics can be executed in a programming language
• want to get excited about guarded recursion.

I hope that this topic becomes more accessible to people with this background due to a focus on computation.

I also hope that this post finds its way to a few semanticists who might provide a useful angle or have answers to the conjectures in the later parts of this post.

If you are in a rush and just want to see how a total denotational semantics can be defined in Agda, have a look at this gist.

I’ve started putting the (long) forum posts I make about ArkScript on my blog, so that more people can follow the development. I must say I like the look of it, that’s also helping me getting back into blogging!

This presents a method to reduce the overhead of the garbage collector, in a language with multi-stage programming (specifically two-level type theory) using regions.

cross-posted from: https://programming.dev/post/18859576

This past few weeks, Python 3.13 and the possibility to disable the GIL has seen a lot of coverage and that pushed me to dig into my own language, to see how different our approaches are.

So if you’re curious about the rambling of a pldev, that might be for you!

Key Features

• Multiple types (number, bool, datetime, string and error)
• Memory managed by user (no allocs)
• Iterator based interface
• Supporting variables
• Stateless
• Expressions can be compiled (RPN stack)
• Fully compile-time checked syntax
• Documented grammar
• Standard C11 code
• No dependencies

Examples

# Numerical calculations
sin((-1 + 2) * PI)

# Dates
datetrunc(now(), "day")

# Strings
"hi " + upper("bob")  + trim("  !  ")

# Conditionals
ifelse(1 < 5 && length($alphabet) > 25, "case1", "case2")

# Find the missing letter
replace($alphabet, substr($alphabet, 25 - random(0, length($alphabet)), 1), "")

From homepage:

Hy (or "Hylang" for long) is a multi-paradigm general-purpose programming language in the Lisp family. It's implemented as a kind of alternative syntax for Python. Compared to Python, Hy offers a variety of new features, generalizations, and syntactic simplifications, as would be expected of a Lisp. Compared to other Lisps, Hy provides direct access to Python's built-ins and third-party Python libraries, while allowing you to freely mix imperative, functional, and object-oriented styles of programming. (More on "Why Hy?")

Some examples on the homepage:

Hy:

(defmacro do-while [test #* body]
  `(do
    ~@body
    (while ~test
      ~@body)))

(setv x 0)
(do-while x
  (print "Printed once."))

Python:

x = 0
print("Printed once.")
while x:
    print("Printed once.")

Interestingly programming.dev's Markdown renderer highlights ```hy code blocks. Maybe it knows the language (highlight.js has it). Maybe it's using Hybris (another language that could get its own post, one of its extensions is *.hy).

GitHub

Online REPL

1.0 announcement

GitHub (source code for all languages), also linked above.

• Assembly
• BASIC
• Forth/MOUSE
• Lisp
• APL/K
• PL/0

The GitHub says "50 lines of code" but the largest example is 74 lines excluding whitespace and comments.