not sure your exact case, but I would highly recommend using pipewire, Bluetooth audio devices were nothing but pain for me with pulse audio and they just worked on pipewire
I've used Sony xm4s
this post was submitted on 14 Jan 2024
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It looks like you're still using PulseAudio? I'd highly recommend switching to PipeWire+WirePlumber instead, installing it should make your earbuds work automatically.
Follow the installation instructions here: https://wiki.debian.org/PipeWire#Debian_12
I'm only using PulseAudio because that was what came with the base installation. I'll definitely check out PipeWire+WirePlumber to see if that works.
Did you follow https://wiki.debian.org/BluetoothUser/a2dp ?
No because I didn't know it existed until right now, reading your comment. I'll be sure to check it out.
When I use my bluetooth headphones I have to physically unplug my wired headphones from the front panel and wired speaker's line-out at the back of my PC, then the audio automatically switches to my bluetooth headphones. There might be an easier way around this but it works for me until I can figure out something better. Running alsamixer from the command line (just type [alsamixer] to run it) can help you see all the inputs and outputs that are working/muted/not seen, this might give you a clue as to what the issue is.
Chris Titus Tech has a pretty good video explaining alsamixer (it's a few years old but alsamixer hasn't changed very much, if at all) https://piped.video/watch?v=gs9I1gPGn9A
While looking through Alsa and PulseAudio I couldn't even find the headset being listed as a connected audio device despite bluetooth saying they're connected to my laptop, so I'd say that's about up to par with my experience with trying to get audio working properly on Linux. The video at least has some good information I could possibly use in the future, though, so there's that.