What does qBittorrent say when you load a public torrent and click the Trackers tab for that torrent? In a normal network - if these are enabled in qBittorrent itself and the network isn't blocking torrents/DHT traffic - you should see DHT / PeX / LSD listed as "Working".
I know nothing about podman but perhaps DHT status will be a clue to figuring out what's going on.
PS - If you need a test public torrent the Linux Mint downloads are useful https://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=319
EDIT: Also when you start up qBittorrent try viewing the execution log (enabled under View / Log), one of the startup lines in the log is your DHT support that will tell you if it is enabled/disabled. I don't know if the log later shows anything else re: DHT issues but could be worth a look for that too.