Picture of a disassembled Duracell 9v battery. Below the terminal assembly is a clear plastic case where you can see six sets of stacked rectangular terminals and fillings.
this post was submitted on 03 Dec 2023
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Battery chemistry produces fixed voltages depending on what you use. It depends on where the active components sit on the electronegativity table.
The typical ones are:
Zinc-carbon and alkaline - 1.5 volts per cell.
Lead acid - 2 volts
Nickel Cadmium - 1.2 volts
Nickel Metal Hydride - 1.4 ish.
All the Lithium ion combos - 3.4 to 3.7 volts.
Lipo is something like 3.4ish to 4.2v
The voltage range depends a lot on cell construction, temperature, load or charge rate, and chemical mix.
For example "lead acid" batteries with lead and sulphuric acid have a cell chemistry voltage of 2.05 volts but their nominal range is 1.8 to 2.4 volts per cell. Translating that to a 6 cell "12 volt" car battery gives you a range of 10.8 to 14.8 volts.