Do you have Google Play Services on your device? Because those particular applications need Google Play Services in order to send push notifications. Most apps use Google Play Services for notifications, but some such as Element, Tusky, and Thunder do not.
Lineage OS
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I do have Google Play Services, yes! It's on Magisk's denylist to help hide root status for Google Wallet, but I wouldn't expect that to be related...
I had very similar behaviour, when I disabled background activity for google play services.
I looked at that, too, but it seems that I can't even disable that activity in the first place...
Having run WA for years on a LineageOS phone without google services, I can attest that this is a myth. You just have to turn off battery optimization
I know Signal has its own notification service if there is no Google Play services, but I was not aware of whatsapp did the same thing.
I mean it did work for years on LineageOS, but last month I've switched to GrapheneOS and it's less reliable, so who knows what's the problem
I use Molly Foss. I set it to always run and there is a persistent notification so that I know it is working.
Yes, I'm starting to consider doing the same... Still, there must be a way to make it behave.