I am currently setting up a Proxmox box that has the usual selfhosted stuff (Nextcloud, Jellyfin, etc) and I want all of these services in different containers/VMs. I am planning to start sharing this with family/friends who are not tech savvy, so I want excellent security.
I was thinking of restricting certain services to certain VLANs, and only plugging those VLANs into the CT/VMs that need them.
Currently, each CT/VM has a network interface (for example eth0) which gives them internet access (for updates and whatnot) and an interface that I use for SSH and management (for example eth1). These interfaces are both on different VLANs and I must use Wireguard to get onto the management network.
I am thinking of adding another interface just for “consumption” which my users would get onto via a separate Wireguard server, and they would use this to actually use the services.
I could also add another network just to connect to an internal NFS server to share files between CT/VMs, and this would have its own VLAN and require an additional interface per host that connects to it.
I have lots of other ideas for networks which would require additional interfaces per CT/VM that uses them.
From my experience, using a “VLAN-Aware” bridge and assigning VLANs per interface via the GUI is best practice. However, Proxmox does not support multiple VLANs per interface using this method.
I have an IPv6-only network, so I could theoretically assign multiple IPs per interface. Then I would use Linux VLANs from within the guest OS. However, this is a huge pain and I do not want to do this. And it is less secure because a compromised VM/CT could change its VLAN tag itself.
I am asking if adding many virtual interfaces per CT/VM is good practice, or if there is a better way to separate internal networks. Or maybe I should rethink the whole thing and not use one network per use-case.
I am especially curious about performance impacts of multiple interfaces.
I wouldn't let every VM have an interface into your management network, regardless of how you implement this. Your management network should be segregated with the ability to route to all the other VLANs with an appropriate firewall setup that only allows "related/established" connections back into it.
As for your services, having them on separate VLANs is fine, but it seems like you would benefit from having a reverse proxy to forward things to the appropriate VLAN, to reduce your management overhead.
But in general, having multiple interfaces per VM is fine. There shouldn't be any performance hit or anything. But remember that if you have a compromised VM, it'll be on any networks you give it an interface in, so minimizing that is key for security purposes. Ideally it would live in a VLAN that only has Internet access and/or direct access to your reverse proxy.
Having multiple interfaces in each vm can lead to issues with routing if you screw something up.
Like you said I'd expose the services via reverse proxy in the public vlan, and enable ssh access on the firewall only from a jumpbox or the ip of your pc (or maybe the vlan you are in).
Agreed, I prefer trunk with native to the vlan for services, each container that the reverse proxy will hit in its own vlan (or multiples for differing sets of services, but I can be excessive).
I'd block any traffic initiated from that vlan to all others, and I'd also only allow the specific ports needed for the services. Then fully open initiated from the general internal vlan.