On Jan. 17, 1893, Hawaii’s monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. The coup led to the dissolving of the Kingdom of Hawaii two years later, its annexation as a U.S. territory and eventual admission as the 50th state in the union.
The first European contact with Hawaii was made in 1778 by Capt. James Cook. In the 19th century, traders and missionaries came to the islands from Europe and the United States. They often opposed the Hawaiian monarchy, favoring instead a British-style constitutional monarchy where the monarch held little power.
In 1874, David Kalakaua became king and sought to reduce the power of the white Missionary Party (later Reform Party) in the government. In 1887, angered by King Kalakaua’s extravagant spending and his attempts to dilute their power, a small group of Missionary Party members, known as the Hawaiian League, struck back against the king.
Led by Lorrin A. Thurston and Sanford B. Dole, the Hawaiian League drafted a new constitution that reduced the power of the king and increased the power of the cabinet and Legislature. It also extended voting rights to wealthy noncitizens, while excluding Asians and restricting access for native Hawaiians through land-owning and literacy provisions. Backed by a militia, the group used the threat of violence to force King Kalakaua to sign the constitution, which became known as the Bayonet Constitution.
King Kalakaua died in 1891 and was succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani, who proposed a new constitution that would restore powers of the monarchy and extend voting rights for native Hawaiians. The queen’s actions angered many of Hawaii’s white businessmen, who formed a 13-member Committee of Safety with the goal of overthrowing the monarchy and seeking annexation by the United States.
The Jan. 29, 1893 edition of The New York Times recounted the events of the coup. On Jan. 16, Hawaiian Marshal Charles B. Wilson attempted to arrest the committee members and declare martial law, but his attempts were turned down by other government officials who feared violence. The next day, after a police officer was shot and wounded trying to halt the distribution of weapons to the Committee of Safety’s militia, the committee decided to put its coup into action. Near the queen’s ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu, the committee’s militia gathered and were joined by 162 U.S. Marines and Navy sailors who were ordered by John L. Stevens, U.S. Minister to Hawaii, to protect the committee. The queen surrendered peacefully to avoid violence.
The Committee of Safety established a provisional government headed by Mr. Dole. U.S. President Grover Cleveland opposed the provisional government and called for the queen to be restored to power, but the Committee of Safety established the Republic of Hawaii and refused to cede power. In 1895, Hawaiian royalists began a coup against the republic, but it did not succeed. Queen Liliuokalani was arrested for her alleged role in the coup and convicted of treason; while under house arrest, the queen agreed to formally abdicate and dissolve the monarchy.
In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii. Hawaii was administered as a U.S. territory until 1959, when it became the 50th state.
Hawaiian scholar Dr. Keanu Sai has written about the illegality of the U.S. occupation and annexation, citing an 1893 Executive Agreement between President Grover Cleveland and Queen Lili'uokalani. On June 1st, 2010, Sai filed a lawsuit against President Obama on this basis, demanding the restoration of the Hawaiian Kingdom government.
An Act of War of Aggression: United States Invasion of the Hawaiian Kingdom on August 12, 1898
Jan. 17, 1893 | Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen
Speaking Truth To Power- Investigating The Illegal U.S. Military Occupation Of The Hawaiian Islands 
Meet the native Hawaiians fighting U.S. occupation | AJ+
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@[email protected] RE: Video games lost to time
That really sucks :(
I was gonna say the only hope is that the source code is in a vault or on a forgotten disk somewhere that someone might upload somewhere but I looked it up and it's completely lost??? That is just truly awful. So much effort and so many hours of work just lost. At least we still have it in the mangled form some compiler outputted but it's just not the same...
Fuck intellectual property for leading to the destruction of art like this. There are rumors EA has lost the source code to one of my favorite games: Command and Conquer: Red Alert 2. Maybe they can find it but who knows.
Yeah. There's also something to be said about how complex games like IWD2 don't ever get remakes, so an improved re-release would be the only way to get some new publicity for something that's still worth looking at. It worked for the Baldur's Gate games, at least.
I've been wondering about the RA2 remaster. They did the first game, it was a success as far as I know, and now it's just radio silence. I grew up with that game and played it a bit last year (local multiplayer works on Linux!), so I'm interested in what they're doing. It would explain a lot if they'd just lost the source code.
Oh, and one more example comes to mind while I'm on the topic: Saints Row 2. The PC port is really bad and didn't work for me, and neither did emulation. The developers had lost the code, found it again somehow and gave it to one dedicated employee to remaster, but he, unfortunately, died and then the company went defunct. Now it's all just corporate assets of some holding company that doesn't care one iota about the preservation of culture.